How To Scale Ruby on Rails Applications Across Multiple Droplets (Part 1)

1. Scalable Application Deployment

1. Unicorn Application Server
2. Nginx HTTP Server / Reverse-Proxy / Load-Balancer
3. Our Deployment Preparation Process
4. Final Architecture

2. Preparing The Servers And The Operating-System

3. Setting Up Application Servers

1. Setting Up Ruby Environment
2. Setting Up Rails
3. Installing Unicorn
4. Creating A Sample Rails Application
5. Configuring Unicorn
6. Running Unicorn
7. Finding Server’s IP Address To Configure Nginx

4. Setting Up Nginx As Reverse-Proxy And Load-Balancer

1. Setting Up Nginx
2. Configuring Nginx

Deploying applications, or publishing them online, can technically mean different things and the process itself can take place at different levels. Previously, we have covered multiple ways of deploying Rails applications, using different servers (i.e. Unicorn and Passenger), and even seen how to automate the process using different tools for the job (e.g. Capistrano and Mina).

In order to have a [simply] scalable architecture, we are going to divide our deployment structure into two main elements:

• Application Servers (Unicorn/Rails)

• Front-facing HTTP Server / Load Balancer (Nginx)

The main reason for our preference towards the Unicorn application server is for its advanced functionality and the simple way it can be implemented – and maintained, as well.

The ever-so-popular Nginx HTTP server and reverse-proxy will be our load-balancer, tasked with distributing the load across Unicorn based application servers.

Therefore, we will cover two distinct areas separately.

1. Preparing (and deploying) Rails application servers running Unicorn.

2. Preparing an Nginx based front-facing, load-balancing reverse-proxy to distribute the load across Unicorn(s).

Similar to our previous manuals and articles, we’ll continue to use the latest available version of CentOS operating-system for its design choices which are perfectly aligned with our goal of simplicity and stability.

Note: As you make your way through this article, you will see links for others which discuss certain subjects further in depth. If you would like to learn more about them, consider checking them out.

Unicorn Application Server

Unicorn is a remarkable application server that contains Rails applications to process the incoming requests. These application servers will only deal with requests that need processing, after having them filtered and pre-processed by front-facing Nginx server(s), working as a load-balancer.

As a very mature web application server, Unicorn is absolutely fully-featured. It denies by design trying to do everything and only handles what needs to be done by a web application and it delegates the rest of the responsibilities to the operating system (i.e. juggling processes).

Unicorn’s master process spawns workers to serve the requests. This process also monitors the workers in order to prevent memory and process related staggering issues. What this means for system administrators is that it will kill a process if, for example, it ends up taking too much time to complete a task or in case memory issues occur.

Note: To learn about different Ruby web-application servers and understand what Rack is, check out our article A Comparison of (Rack) Web Servers for Ruby Web Applications.

Nginx HTTP Server / Reverse-Proxy / Load-Balancer

Nginx HTTP server, is designed from ground up to act as a multi-purpose, front-facing web server. It is capable of serving static files (e.g. images, text files etc.) extremely well, balance connections and deal with certain exploits attempts. It will act as the first entry point of all requests, and it is going to distribute them, to be processed, web-application servers running Unicorn.

Our Deployment Preparation Process

Starting with the following section, we will perform the following procedures to prepare our distributed, load-balanced application deployment set-up.

• Update the operating system [*]

• Get the necessary basic tools for deployment [*]

• Install Ruby, Rails and libraries

• Install Application (i.e. Unicorn) and HTTP server (Nginx)

• Configure Nginx to distribute the load on TCP

Note: Marked items on the list are procedures that will need to be performed on all provisioned servers, regardless of their designated role as an application server or a load-balancer.

Final Architecture

Below is an example of what our final architecture will look like for distributing the load across droplets and scaling horizontally.

Client Request ----> Nginx (Reverse-Proxy / Load-Balancer)
                        |
                       /|\                           
                      | | `-> App. Server I.   10.128.xxx.yy1:8080 # Our example
                      |  `--> App. Server II.  10.128.xxx.yy2:8080
                       `----> ..

We will begin creating our set-up with preparing all the servers that will run Unicorn or Nginx.

In order to install Ruby and the other necessary application (e.g. our servers), we need to first prepare the minimally shipped CentOS droplet and equip it with some development tools that we are going to need.

Run the following command to update the default tools of your CentOS based droplet:

yum -y update

Install the application bundle containing several development tools by executing the following command:

yum groupinstall -y 'development tools'

Some of the packages we need for this tutorial (e.g. libyaml-devel, nginx etc.) are not found within the official CentOS repository. To simplify things and not to deal with manually installing them, we will add the EPEL software repository for YUM package manager to use.

# Enable EPEL Repository
sudo su -c 'rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm'

# Update everything, once more.
yum -y update

Finally, we need to get curl-devel and several other tools and libraries for this tutorial (e.g. Rails needs sqlite-devel).

In order to install them, run the following:

yum install -y curl-devel nano sqlite-devel libyaml-devel

In this step, we will prepare the server(s) that will be running the Rails on Unicorn application server.

Let’s begin with getting Ruby and Rails ready.

Setting Up Ruby Environment

Note: This section is a summary of our dedicated article How To Install Ruby 2.1.0 On CentOS 6.5.

Note: You will need to perform the instructions from the previous section, together with the following, on all your application servers. At bare minimum, you need one application server to deploy your app. In order to balance the load, provision more droplets and repeat these steps.

We are going to be using Ruby Version Manager (RVM) to download and install a Ruby interpreter.

Run the following two commands to install RVM and create a system environment for Ruby:

curl -L get.rvm.io | bash -s stable
source /etc/profile.d/rvm.sh

Finally, to finish installing Ruby on our system, let’s get RVM to download and install Ruby version 2.1.0:

rvm reload
rvm install 2.1.0

Setting Up Rails

Since Rails needs first and foremost a JavaScript interpreter to work, we will also need to set up Node.js. For this purpose, we will be using the default system package manager YUM.

Run the following to download and install nodejs using yum:

yum install -y nodejs

Execute the following command to download and install rails using gem:

gem install bundler rails

Installing Unicorn

There are a couple of ways to easily download Unicorn. Since it is an application-related dependency, the most logical way is to use RubyGems.

Run the following to download and install Unicorn using gem:

gem install unicorn

Note: We will see how to work with this tool in the next sections.

Creating A Sample Rails Application

Note: For our example to work, we are now going to create a basic Rails application. In order to run yours, you will need to upload your application source instead.

Uploading Your Source Code

For the actual deployment, you will, of course, want to upload your code base to the server. For this purpose, you can either use SFTP or a graphical tool, such as FileZilla, to transfer and manage remote files securely. Likewise, you can use Git and a central repository such as Github to download and set up your code.

• To learn about working with SFTP, check out the article: How To Use SFTP.

• To learn about FileZilla, check out the article on the subject: How To Use FileZilla.

Let’s begin with creating a very basic Rails application inside our home directory to serve with Unicorn.

Execute the following command to get Rails to create a new application called my_app:

# Create a sample Rails application
cd /var
mkdir www
cd www
rails new my_app

# Enter the application directory
cd my_app

# Create a sample resource
rails generate scaffold Task title:string note:text

# Create a sample database
RAILS_ENV=development rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=production  rake db:migrate

# Create a directory to hold the PID files
mkdir pids    

To test that your application is set correctly and everything is working fine, enter the app directory and run a simple server with rails s:

# Enter the application directory
cd /var/www/my_app

# Run a simple server
rails s

# You should now be able to access it by
# visiting: http://[your droplet's IP]:3000/tasks

# In order to terminate the server process,
# Press CTRL+C

Configuring Unicorn

Unicorn can be configured a number of ways. For this tutorial, focusing on the key elements, we will create a file from scratch which is going to be used by Unicorn when starting the application server daemon process.

Open up a blank unicorn.rb document, which will be saved inside config/ directory using the nano text editor:

nano config/unicorn.rb

Place the below block of code, modifying it as necessary:

# Set the working application directory
# working_directory "/path/to/your/app"
working_directory "/var/www/my_app"

# Unicorn PID file location
# pid "/path/to/pids/unicorn.pid"
pid "/var/www/my_app/pids/unicorn.pid"

# Path to logs
# stderr_path "/path/to/log/unicorn.log"
# stdout_path "/path/to/log/unicorn.log"
stderr_path "/var/www/my_app/log/unicorn.log"
stdout_path "/var/www/my_app/log/unicorn.log"
    
# Number of processes
# Rule of thumb: 2x per CPU core available
# worker_processes 4
worker_processes 2

# Time-out
timeout 30

Save and exit by pressing CTRL+X and confirming with Y.

Note: To simply test your application with Unicorn, you can run unicorn_rails inside the application directory.

Note: To learn more about configuring Unicorn, check out its official documentation page here.

Running Unicorn

We are ready to run our application using Unicorn.

Run the following to start Unicorn in daemon mode using the our configuration file (config/unicorn.rb):

unicorn_rails -c config/unicorn.rb -D

Finding Server’s IP Address To Configure Nginx

Let’s find our virtual server’s private network / private IP address.

Run the following to reveal the private IP address of the server:

ifconfig

Sample output:

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 04:01:10:4B:B8:01  
          inet addr:107.170.13.134  Bcast:107.170.13.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::601:10ff:fe4b:b801/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:164298 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:46316 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:230223345 (219.5 MiB)  TX bytes:4969058 (4.7 MiB)

eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 04:01:10:4B:B8:02  
          inet addr:10.128.241.135  Bcast:10.128.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::601:10ff:fe4b:b802/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:120 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:6810 (6.6 KiB)  TX bytes:874 (874.0 b)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

Second bit of information here, starting with eth1 and continuing with inet adde: reveals the private IP address assigned to our server, which is 10.128.241.135 in our case.

We are going to use this IP address to have Nginx communicate with our application server.

Note this address and continue to the next step to set-up and configure Nginx.

Note: To learn more about private networking on DigitalOcean, check out How To Set Up And Use DigitalOcean Private Networking tutorial on the community articles section.

In this section, we are going to work on our front-facing server and set up Nginx to welcome incoming requests and balance the load across application servers.

Setting Up Nginx

Since we have the EPEL repository enabled, it is possible to get Nginx using yum.

Run the following to download and install Nginx using yum:

yum install -y nginx

Configuring Nginx

After having Nginx installed, the next step is working with its configuration file, nginx.conf, located at /etc/nginx by default.

Execute the below command to start editing this file using the nano text editor:

nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Scroll down below the file and comment out the following line:

# Before:
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

# After:
# include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

Inside http { node, add the following configurations, modifying them to suit your own set-up:

# Set your server 
# server_name www.example.com;

upstream unicorn_servers {

    # Add a list of your application servers
    # Each server defined on its own line
    # Example:
    # server IP.ADDR:PORT fail_timeout=0;
    server 10.128.241.135:8080 fail_timeout=0;
    
    # server 10.128.241.136:8080 fail_timeout=0;
    # server 10.128.241.137:8080 fail_timeout=0;

}

server {

    # Port to listen on
    listen 80;
    
    location / {
        # Set proxy headers        
        proxy_set_header        Host $host;
        proxy_set_header        X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header        X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

        proxy_pass http://unicorn_servers;
    }

}

Save and exit by pressing CTRL+X and confirming with Y.

To get started, run the Nginx daemon with the following command:

 service nginx start

After modifying the configuration file, you can restart the server with the following:

service nginx restart

Note: To learn about further configurations and setting up directives for serving static files, check out the official Unicorn nginx.conf example.

<div class=“author”>Submitted by: <a href=“https://twitter.com/ostezer”>O.S. Tezer</a></div>